Validation of 1–0 and instantaneous sampling for quantifying oral behaviors in milk-fed dairy calves

Oral behaviors, including feeding, drinking, grooming, and non-nutritive are used as indicators of health welfare in dairy calves, but continuous measurement these behaviors can be labor intensive. Instantaneous sampling is often to save has only been validated for feeding behavior calves. One-zero may an appropriate strategy well suited capturing the rapid performance behaviors. Our objective was validate 1–0 instantaneous oral around time bottle delivery against true values. Eleven Holstein heifer calves were housed individually, provided water, fed a diet starter grain milk replacer (4.8–5.6 L/d step-up) via bottle. When 23 ± 7 d old, they video recorded 30 min before after morning 2.5 0.2 L meal, from approximately 0900 1000 h. We measured ruminating, eating, drinking sucking milk, manipulation, tongue flicks continuously with at 5-, 10-, 30-, 60-s intervals. also examined effect timing within Estimates obtained through subsampling compared values regression analysis. The interval determined represent if coefficient determination ≥0.9, slope = 1, intercept 0, relative error <10%. Ruminating, eating not performed by all 11 included proportions performing generated highly correlated consistently overestimated sampling, especially spent more engaged Sucking accurately represented intervals less than s, likely due most bouts continuing least 150 s low between-calf variability other Different start times given resulted wide variance discrepancies between recording conclude that choice stimulus-elicited behavior, such milk-restricted system. However, short, variable, or intermittent reliably captured hour delivery.